Herbold, in Field Guide to Appropriate Technology, 2003 THE PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE The general shift in attitude away from collective approaches to societal organization, generally involving a prime role for the state toward more individualized roles and responsibilities is the fourth type of privatization.Įdited by. Privatization can also refer to a change in the regulatory functions of the state away from state control of markets toward a reliance on and trust in freely operating markets as the appropriate means for the efficient and fair allocation of resources and income. This can be described as a shift in state role from the provision of public goods to that of procurement.

An alternative form of privatization involves the outsourcing of services provision by the state to nonstate agencies. The most common form is the sale of public assets such as the sale of a state-owned power station, airline, or telecommunications facility. There are four distinct types of privatization. Privatization is the transfer of publicly owned or publicly operated means of production to private ownership or operation. Phillip O'Neill, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (Second Edition), 2020 Abstract

The discussion finally is summarized and some (understressed) points for further reflection are raised. Subsequently, we discusse capital's space in the sphere of consumption.

Then capital's space, both in terms of its normal workings and in terms of the crisis situation, is discussed. First, we explain how capital in the sphere of production works, and in particular the relation between capital and labor. The remainder of the discussion is divided into five parts. Capital-in-general appears as, and is reproduced through, various fractions of capital competing with one another, including those that are based in specific spaces (e.g., regional-scale capitalist in a country). Capitalism is a form of society where the capital-as-money (investing money as capital to make more money) becomes the dominant relation, and more specifically when the third form of capital becomes (tendentially) the dominant form of capital relation.Ĭapital can be looked at in terms of capital-in-general (total capital in the global society or within a country or region) and capitals (as fractions of capital-in-general), which compete with one another for market, for support from the state, and so on. They become capital under the relation between capital and labor. Means of production are no more capital in themselves than gold as money. As Marx says in Capital vol 3: capital is not a thing, it is rather a definite social relation of production between owners of means of production and labor, which simply takes the form of a thing. This view of capital establishes capital's theoretical specificity as a social relation. This form of capital arises when the owner of money lays out money on wages and means of production to produce a new commodity which is sold for more money than what is initially advanced. Merchant and moneylending/usurer forms of capital appeared earlier than the third form of capital. When a sum of money is advanced by a merchant or a moneylender to make a profit on it, it can be correctly called capital. There are two ways of looking at money as capital. Indeed, money is capital's first form of appearance. When I spend my money, which I earn by selling my services to my employer, to buy my books, the money I use is not capital. Like means of production, money as such is wrongly considered by many to be capital. Although in this view, social relations are included in the definition of capital (at least in case of social capital), transhistoricality of capital is still implied: for example, relations of reciprocity as a form of capital have always existed. Using capital metaphorically, scholars talk about natural capital, produced capital (means of production produced by human activity), human capital, social capital, and cultural capital. In a slightly more general view, capital is defined as any income-generating asset that generates some benefit, including income. In this view, capital is not only a tangible thing but also a transhistorical thing. Tools, machines, and other types of means of production are considered to be capital in many conventional economic geography texts. Das, in International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, 2009 Introduction